Forest Taxation and Rotation Age under Private Amenity Valuation: New Results

This paper studies the impact of harvesting, property, and profit taxes on private rotation age in an ongoing rotations model, where the private landowner is interested not only in the present value of harvest revenue, but also in the private amenity services provided by the forest stand. The main finding of the paper is that conventional wisdom about the rotation effects of forest taxes, distilled from the Faustmann model, predominantly ceases to hold. This is because forest taxes distort the relative profitability of timber and amenity production in a way that is sensitive to the precise nature of amenity valuation. Therefore, the design of forest tax policy necessitates good knowledge of the landowner's objective function concerning the type of amenity services.     

冬水田转稻麦轮作对小麦生长季温室气体排放的影响

用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定了川中丘陵地区典型冬水田(RF)及冬水田转稻麦轮作处理(RW)在小麦生长季的温室气体排放通量,并同步测定了土壤温度、水分和可溶态碳氮含量.结果表明,RW在小麦生长季的CH4、生态系统呼吸CO2和N2O平均排放通量分别为0.05、117.01 mg·m-2·h-1(以C计)和77.19μg·m-2·h-1(以N计),而RF相应通量分别为1.43、7.85 mg·m-2·h-1和-0.61μg·m-2·h-1.RW施氮肥后出现N2O的排放峰,其N2O直接排放系数为1.28%.土壤可溶态有机碳含量与CO2通量之间呈显著正相关关系(r=0.342,p0.01),与CH4、N2O的相关关系不显著;硝态氮、可溶态总氮含量与N2O通量的关系为显著正相关,但与CH4通量呈显著负相关.RF的综合增温潜势(以CO2-eq计,下同)为3.03 Mg·hm-2,大于RW(-1.66 Mg·hm-2),暗示冬水田转稻麦轮作会降低生态系统的综合增温效应.     

秸秆还田与化肥减量配施对稻-菜轮作下土壤养分及酶活性的影响

以西南丘陵山区紫色土为研究对象,2013~2014年在重庆市江津区先锋镇布置田间试验,采用一年两熟,水稻-儿菜轮作制度,分析了秸秆还田与化肥减量配合施用对作物产量,土壤养分及酶活性的影响,为稻-菜轮作系统中养分资源优化管理的施肥方式提供科学依据,实现农业秸秆的循环利用.结果表明,秸秆还田与化肥减量配施处理能提高水稻和儿菜的产量,分别比常规施肥处理(F)增产3.0%~17.9%和12.2%~36.4%,经稻-菜轮作后,第二季(C3)的水稻产量比第一季(C1)水稻增加了820~1 240 kg·hm-2.与F处理相比,稻-菜轮作下连续秸秆覆盖与化肥减量配施的土壤pH提高了0.06~0.55个单位,特别是秸秆全量还田(AS)与70%~80%化肥(F)配施处理(70%~80%F+AS)对土壤pH的改善效果最佳,同时80%F+AS处理的土壤有机质最高,达到了41.01 g·kg-1.对土壤有效养分含量而言,80%F+AS处理的土壤碱解氮(110~178 mg·kg-1)和有效磷(31.3~64.0 mg·kg-1)含量最高,但过多的秸秆还田量反而不利于土壤有效磷累积.秸秆还田与化肥减量配施提高了土壤酶活性,其中80%F+AS和70%F+AS处理对脲酶活性提高效果较为显著;80%F+AS处理的过氧化氢酶在前两季度下活性均最高;随着耕种时间的增加,特别是C3季度下,70%F+AS和80%F+AS处理的磷酸酶活性较F处理显著提高了45.2%和48.2%.因此,西南丘陵山区紫色土在稻-菜轮作下,70%~80%F+AS处理即秸秆全量覆盖还田与化肥减量20%~30%的配施方式是该地区的最优施肥方式.     

Radon-222 exhalation from open ground on and around a uranium mine in the wet-dry tropics

Radon-222 exhalation from the ground surface depends upon a number of variables such as the 226Ra activity concentration and its distribution in soil grains; soil grain size; soil porosity, temperature and moisture; atmospheric pressure, rainfall and temperature. In this study, 222Rn exhalation flux density measurements within and around the Ranger uranium mine in northern Australia were performed to investigate the effect of these variables within a tropical region. Measurements were taken at the waste rock dumps, ore stockpiles, mine pits, and at sites where effluent water with elevated 226Ra concentration has been spray irrigated over land, as well as at sites outside the mine. The sites selected represented a variety of geomorphic regions ranging from uranium-bearing rocks to ambient soils. Generally, wet season rains reduced 222Rn exhalation but at a few sites the onset of rains caused a step rise in exhalation flux densities. The results show that parameters such as 226Ra activity concentration, soil grain size and soil porosity have a marked effect on 222Rn flux densities. For similar geomorphic sites, 226Ra activity concentration is a dominant factor, but soil grain size and porosity also influence 222Rn exhalation. Surfaces with vegetation showed higher exhalation flux densities than their barren counterparts, perhaps because the associated root structure increases soil porosity and moisture retention. Repeated measurements over one year at eight sites enabled an analysis of precipitation and soil moisture effects on 222Rn exhalation. Soil moisture depth profiles varied both between seasons and at different times during the wet season, indicating that factors such as duration, intensity and time between precipitation events can influence 222Rn flux densities considerably.     

Behavior of Two Phenyl Urea Herbicides in Clayey Soils and Effect of Alternating Dry-Wet Conditions on their Availability

Adsorption and mobility of linuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea) and diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea) were studied in clayey soils from the Gharb area (Morocco). Soils A and B were planted with sun flower (Helianthus annuus) while soil C was planted with sugar cane (Saccharum offcinarum). Adsorption was studied for linuron in soils A and B, while mobility was studied only in soil B. Adsorption data were found to fit the Freundlich equation with correlation coefficients r² > 0.9. Freundlich coefficients (K_f, n_f) were in agreement with L and S isotherm types for soils A and B, respectively. Values of K_oc (195 and 102) indicate moderate adsorption. Desorption isotherms for linuron showed hysteresis for both soils. The pesticide would be more bound to soil A (H = 8.44) than to soil B (H = 4.01). The effect of alternating wet and dry conditions was tested for soils A and B. Results showed that retention would increase in soil subject to an additional wet and dry cycle. In the case of diuron isotherm was of type L in soil C. Desorption was noticeable at high concentrations and tended to decrease when concentrations diminished. Mobility of linuron was tested in polyvinyle chloride (PVC) columns, which received different treatments before their percolation. The pesticide was more mobile in a previously saturated column. In columns subject to a drying step after saturation with water, linuron mobility was greatly reduced.     

Spatial assessment of the economic feasibility of short rotation coppice on radioactively contaminated land in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. I. Model description and scenario analysis

The economic feasibility of short rotation coppice (SRC) production and energy conversion in areas contaminated by Chernobyl-derived (137)Cs was evaluated taking the spatial variability of environmental conditions into account. Two sequential GIS-embedded submodels were developed for a spatial assessment, which allow for spatial variation in soil contamination, soil type, and land use. These models were applied for four SRC production and four energy conversion scenarios for the entire contaminated area of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia and for a part of the Bragin district, Belarus. It was concluded that in general medium-scale SRC production using local machines is most profitable. The areas near Chernobyl are not suitable for SRC production since the contamination levels in SRC wood exceed the intervention limit. Large scale SRC production is not profitable in areas where dry and sandy soils predominate. If the soil contamination does not exceed the intervention limit and sufficient SRC wood is available, all energy conversion scenarios are profitable.     

热带海—气的相互作用与地球自转—用天文方法预测ENSO事件

本文介绍了热带海洋、大气的相互作用,着重描述了它们与地球自转年际速率变化的关系和物理过程的联系,以及用天文观测的日长变化资料预测ENSO事件的方法和尝试.     

水旱轮作改良利用潜育化水稻土的研究

潜育化水稻土存在渍、冷、烂、闭（气）、毒及缺素等障碍因素，采取水旱轮作是改良利用潜育化水稻土极其重要的措施．研究表明，水旱轮作可以改善土壤通气透水性能，提高氧化还原电位，减少还原物质，增加土壤微生物数量及提高其活性，增加土壤速效养分，促进作物生长发育，提高作物产量，并能提高土地利用率，获得全年农业增产增收增值．     

有机农业土壤培肥的理论与方法

根据有机农业培肥理论，从有机肥的特性，作物品质及生长规律，土壤性质和合理轮作复种等方面简述有机土壤培肥技术。     

农田施用沼液的重金属污染评价及承载力估算——以江苏滨海稻麦轮作田为例

以江苏滨海稻麦轮作田为对象，研究沼液施用0，3，5a对土壤和作物籽粒重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd）含量的影响，评价其污染风险并估算农田沼液承载力.结果表明：沼液施用3，5a后，土壤和作物籽粒中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd均未超标，内梅罗指数与土壤和农产品综合质量指数显示农田重金属污染程度属于清洁.土壤Cu和Zn显著富集，沼液施用5a后，小麦季土壤Cu、Zn含量分别为22.59，63.08mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了19.52%和28.89%.水稻季土壤Cu、Zn含量分别为26.12，78.74mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了27.73%和31.80%.小麦和水稻籽粒Zn含量随沼液施用年限增加而增加（P<0.05），沼液施用5a分别达到25.07，30.98mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了23.50%和16.29%.小麦季和水稻季0~15cm土壤中Cu的累积速率分别为0.74，1.13mg/（kg·a），Zn的累积速率分别为2.83，3.80mg/（kg·a）.基于土壤重金属累积速率，江苏滨海稻麦轮作田沼液安全施用年限为63a.